Callum was on trial at Exeter at the end of the 2009/10 season. He played at Exeter, on trial on the 14th of April 2010 as a central defender in a 2-2 draw against Swindon Town in the Reserve League, he also played against Forest Green Rovers in the Totesport.com Combination on the 27/4/2010. "This was the last and deciding game of the season, City won 4-3 and hence secured the Football Combination Wales and West League title. He played as defender and "The final chance of the half fell to Spurs defender Calum Butcher who met a corner at the near post but is was cleared spectacularly off the line."

He joined Tottenham Hotspur in June 2007 after being at Ipswich and Southend as a youth player, although named as a substitute for Tottenham in their UEFA Cup 1–1 draw with Shakhtar Donetsk on 26 February 2009, he did not play.

Callum joined Barnet on loan in November 2009, making 3 apperances before returning to Spurs.

He then went on trial at Exeter City and Southend United.
At the end of the 2010–11 season, Butcher was released by Tottenham, and joined FC Hjørring on a one year contract, he played 15 games in 2011/12 season before returning to England for the 2012/13 season to play for Hayes & Yeading United, where he scored his first goal in senior football and ended up playing 29 times.
At the end of the season he went on trial at Dundee United, where he impressed enough to be signed for the next two seasons, he played 21 games for them before moving back to England to play for Burton Albion, where he was nearly an ever present in 2015/16 playing 40 games and scoring 5 times. 

Callum signed for Millwall and played 30 games for them in 2016–2017. At the end of the season he moved to Mansfield and signed a 2 year contract making 29 apperances for the Stags. During his time at Mansfield, he also played for Billericay Town on loan playing 12 times in 2018.

He rejoined Dundee United at the start of the 2019 season and played 35 games for them before football was stopped due to  a worldwide pandemic.